![]() ![]() Keith Schengili-Robertsĭynasty 0 is what Egyptologists call a group of Egyptian rulers who are not on Manetho's list, definitely predate the traditional original founder of dynastic Egypt Narmer, and were found buried in a cemetery at Abydos in the 1980s. Recent studies continue to find a more nuanced structure than that suggested by Manetho or the 19th-century historians.Ī procession of the early dynastic Pharaoh Narmer is illustrated on this facsimile of the famous Narmer Palette, found at Hierakonpolis. The Old, Middle and New Kingdoms were periods when upper and lower parts of the Nile Valley were united the Intermediate periods were when the union fell apart. Later in the century, historians imposed the now-familiar Old-Middle-New Kingdom structure onto Manethos' king list. Many other documents pertaining to the royal dynasties had to wait until Egyptian hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone were translated by Jean-Francois Champollion in the early 19th century. Other fragments are found in the writings of Africanus and Eusebius. Some of those narratives were used by the Jewish historian Josephus, who wrote his 1st century CE book Against Apion using borrowings, summaries, paraphrases, and recapitulations of Manetho, with specific emphasis on the Second Intermediate Hyksos rulers. Written in Greek and called the Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt), Manetho's complete text has not survived, but scholars have discovered copies of the king's list and other pieces in narratives dated between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. His entire work included a king-list and narratives, prophecies, and royal and non-royal biographies. The primary source for the thirty established dynasties, sequences of rulers united by kinship or their principal royal residence, is the 3rd century B.C.E. There are ancient history sources such as kings lists, annals, and other documents translated into Greek and Latin, archaeological studies using radiocarbon and dendrochronology, and hieroglyphic studies such as the Turin Canon, the Palermo Stone, the Pyramid and Coffin Texts. ![]() Although the expenditure and income series are in broad agreement for the trend growth of GDP between 19, the expenditure series shows a substantially higher peak in 1943.The dynastic Egypt chronology that we use to name and classify the 2,700-year-long list of royal pharaohs is based on myriad sources. Estimates based on expenditure and income are available for all years, while the output figures are only available for 19. Table 2.1, using Feinstein's figures, reminds us of the considerable range of uncertainty over the path of real GDP during the war. We begin our analysis of the British war economy with an outline of developments in national income and the mobilization of resources. This issue needs a national balance sheet approach to assess the impact of the war on the stock of wealth, broadly defined to include human as well as physical capital and intangible as well as tangible capital. After that we turn to the impact of the war on economic development, an essentially long-run matter. We then complement the macroeconomic approach of this section with an examination of the experience of industry. ![]() The next section examines the process of mobilization for war, which can be seen as an essentially short-run matter, best tackled using flow data from the national accounts. In this chapter we aim to provide an overview of the mobilization of resources for World War II in the United Kingdom, using a framework to facilitate international comparisons. ![]()
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